Hepatitis B , let's know more about it , hepatitis treatment

What do you know about hepatitis B ?

Hepatitis B infection , Hepatitis treatment

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) belongs to the hepatovirus. Similar viruses cause hepatitis in woodchucks, gophers and Chinese ducks, which allows the use of these animals as experimental models for the development of drugs and vaccines. 
Hepatitis B virus is very stable in the environment, is highly infectious. When a saved immune response had been ill with hepatitis B were formed proof lifelong immunity. 

In the external environment of the hepatitis B virus may persist for about a week - even in the dried blood spot and sight on a razor's edge, the end of the needle. 
It's a different kind of virus, which infects the liver. As in the case of hepatitis C virus infection, primary infection of hepatitis B virus, also called acute hepatitis.  

Latent period is the time from hepatitis B infection to clinical manifestations of the disease - can sometimes take up to six months .

Description

The hepatitis B virus infection spreads throughout the body with blood and accumulates in the liver, where intensively breeds, altering its genetic apparatus. The immune system responds by the production of antibodies that damage and altered cells. Hepatitis B virus is usually transmitted bloodborn - when in contact with blood or body fluids (saliva, semen).That is, the hepatitis B infection occurs from a patient with acute or chronic hepatitis B when ingested infected blood of a healthy person. Such contamination "facilitated" by the fact that blood is infected with hepatitis B virus becomes contagious long before the first symptoms of the disease, and retains these properties in varying degrees for the duration of chronic infection.Possible hepatitis B infection through sexual contact (especially often with homosexual), at birth (and only during childbirth! Even through breast milk is not passed!) From mother to unborn child, as well as by household - through sharing needles, razors, toothbrushes , even through a common duct to snort cocaine). If the sexual partner is infected with hepatitis B, the probability of transmission through semen - 30%, the virus can also penetrate through damaged mucous membranes.He is in saliva, tears, urine, and even feces - when hit them on broken skin and mucous membranes have a small risk of hepatitis B infection. Furthermore, contamination can occur during intravenous and intramuscular  injections, and other operations for medical procedures, transfusion of blood or its components (for this reason is sometimes called hepatitis serum). The main source of hepatitis B infection are those with worn, acute and chronic forms of hepatitis B. They have the hepatitis B virus is present in blood, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, menstrual blood and other biological fluids .

How common is hepatitis B infection ?

How common is hepatitis A infection, Hepatitis treatment

Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening infection of the liver caused by hepatitis B. It is one of the major global health problem. Hepatitis B infection can cause chronic liver disease and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. 

Hepatitis B infection affects more than 2 million people worldwide infected carriers of the virus is 350 million Three-quarters of the world's population lives in regions with a high incidence. Approximately 600,000 people die each year from acute or chronic effects of hepatitis B infection. Since 1982, the available vaccine against hepatitis B infection. This vaccine is effective in preventing hepatitis B infection and its chronic consequences, 95%, and is the first vaccine against a major human cancers.But in recent years, thanks to the wide mainstreaming of vaccination against hepatitis B infection is an encouraging trend to reduce the incidence of this infection .

Geographical distribution

The hepatitis B virus infection can cause an acute illness with symptoms that manifest for several weeks, including yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The highest prevalence of hepatitis B are found in Africa south of the Sahara and East Asia. Most of the inhabitants of these regions acquire hepatitis B infection in childhood, and from 5% to 10% of adults have chronic hepatitis B infection. High rates of chronic hepatitis B infections are also found in the Amazon and in the southern parts of Eastern and Central Europe. According to estimates, are chronically infected from 2% to 5% of the total population in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. In Western Europe and North America are infected chronically less than 1% of the population .

What is the mechanism of hepatitis B infection ?

The mechanism of transmission of hepatitis B - hematogenous, ie through the blood. Infection occurs from a patient with acute or chronic hepatitis B when infected blood into the body of a healthy person.  

Blood infected with hepatitis B virus becomes contagious long before the first symptoms of the disease, and retains these properties in varying degrees for the duration of chronic hepatitis B infection. 

The possibility of transmission through sexual contact and from mother to child during childbirth. HBV virus itself is large and does not pass through the placenta. 
Through damaged skin and mucous virus HBV misses the bloodstream to the liver. Hepatitis B virus enters liver cells, hepatocytes, and begins to proliferate.  

The genetic material of the virus - viral DNA in the cell nucleus going hepatocyte, and envelope proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm.

Who is the most susceptible to infection of hepatitis B ?

Hepatitis B is found most often in adults (peak incidence in the age group 20-49 years). Reduction of morbidity in children and adolescents in developed countries was achieved through regular vaccination. In developing countries in Africa and Asia, most cases of hepatitis B infected in childhood. While the hepatitis B virus can be infected up to 10% of the total population. In these regions as a consequence of liver cancer Hepatitis B is a major cause of cancer-related deaths. Killed up to 25% of cases in childhood. You can get infection in places where gather people who inject drugs, body piercing and tattoo parlors, hairdressers (manicure, pedicure). It is sad, hepatitis B virus infection and still happening in hospitals.If we talk about the geography, the highest prevalence of hepatitis B infection in carriers and countries in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Rim, South America (Amazon), in Central and South Africa, the Near and Middle East. Among the countries close to us HBsAg carriers more (8% of the population or more) in the republics of Central Asia, the Caucasus, Moldova, according to the WHO. fewest carriers and suffering in North America, the states of Northern and Western Europe

Transmission of the hepatitis B infection

Carrying the virus is carried out with blood or other body fluids of man, goes directly into the blood of the infected. This occurs when sharing sharps (manicure set, shaving machines), one syringe to inject drugs, with piercing, tattooing with poorly treated toolkit during medical procedures, sexually and from an infected mother to her baby during its passage through the birth canal. Transfusion of blood containing hepatitis B virus (for example, taken from a donor - patient), also happens infection

Is it possible to sexual transmission of hepatitis B ?

Yes, it is. If odnin of sexual partners is a carrier of the infection, the probability of transmission of hepatitis B virus to the other partner is about 30%. Zarazittsya more likely if a person has multiple sexual partners or a partner who has many sexual partners. The appearance of man, as a rule, can not say whether he has hepatitis B and whether it is possible to catch him. It is believed that hepatitis B - only for today infection, sexually transmitted disease, which can be done from the vaccination .

Is it possible hepatitis B infection of the child from the parents ?

If the mother has hepatitis B virus, then it may be born infected child. Infection occurs at birth or violation of the integrity of the placenta during pregnancy (eg, by amniocentesis). Statistics indicate a high risk of developing chronic hepatitis B and its adverse outcomes in children born to infected mothers. Therefore, all such children almost immediately after birth will be vaccinated against hepatitis B. The virus is found in breast milk, but the risk of infection for the baby not breastfeeding allowed .

Is it possible to hepatitis B infection in normal household contacts ?

Hepatitis B virus is found in saliva, tears, urine, and feces of infected persons. When you hit them on broken skin and mucous membranes of another person there is a risk of infection, but it is very small. Such transmission is possible in the home, mainly among children. It is believed that through intact integument (skin, mucous membranes), the virus can not penetrate. This means that the contact-household by hepatitis B is not transmitted, as well as foods, when speaking IT etc. Therefore, for others with hepatitis B is not dangerous. He should not be in social isolation .

Who is at risk for hepatitis B ?

the most susceptible to infection of hepatitis B , hepatitis treatment

• Persons who have many sexual partners or with previously diagnosed infections, sexually transmitted . 
• Men who have homosexual sex .  
• Sexual partners of infected persons . 
• People who inject drugs .  
• Family members (households) patients with chronic hepatitis B .  
• Babies born to infected mothers .  
• Health workers .  
• Patients on hemodialysis (apparatus "artificial kidney") or receiving frequent blood transfusions .