Hepatitis B affects more than2million people worldwide infected carriers of the virus is350million Three-quarters of the world's population lives in regions with a high incidence.
Celebrated annually, about4million cases of acute hepatitis B, and from the consequences of chronic hepatitis B die1million people (25% of carriers HBV).
But
in recent years, thanks to the wide mainstreaming of vaccination
against hepatitis B is an encouraging trend to reduce the incidence of
this infection.
Mechanism of hepatitis B infection
The mechanism of transmission of hepatitis B - hematogenous, ie through the blood.Infection occurs from a patient with acute or chronic hepatitis B when infected blood into the body of a healthy person.
Blood
infected with hepatitis B virus becomes contagious long before the
first symptoms of the disease, and retains these properties in varying
degrees for the duration of chronic infection.
Fatigue, loss of appetite, jaundice, nausea,
discomfort in the right upper quadrant, change in urine color (dark) and
feces (lighter), pain in the joints.For the beginning of hepatitis B characteristic when sick on increased
temperature and intoxication (sickness, unwell) appears dark urine and
develops jaundice.
Hepatitis B diagnosis
Having
HBsAg, anti-HBc IgM, total anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-Hbe (markers of
hepatitis B), HBV-DNA in the serum of hepatitis B has confirmed the
presence of
Different combinations of
the results of these analyzes indicate the presence of infection in the
present or the past, acute or chronic phase of hepatitis B virus
activity.The results of tests can determine the indications for treatment and assess its effectiveness.learn more about that : http://treatment-institute.blogspot.com/2014/08/hepatitis-b-symptoms-diagnosis.html
Hepatitis B treatment
Usually,
when selecting regimens tailored to the particular course of hepatitis B
in a particular patient, the presence of comorbidities, the financial
resources of patients (different drugs with different prices, and their
combination regimens.Effectiveness
of hepatitis B treatment assessed by blood biochemical parameters (decreased
activity of liver transaminases) and the presence of HBV-DNA in the
serum, and the presence of certain markers of hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B prophylaxis
The basis of the prevention of hepatitis B is a vaccine for hepatitis
B. WHO recommends that all infants should receive the hepatitis B
vaccine as soon as possible after birth, preferably within 24 hours.Dose provided at birth, should be accompanied by two or three subsequent doses to complete the vaccination series.learn more about that : http://treatment-institute.blogspot.com/2014/08/hepatitis-b-treatment-prophylaxis.html
Hepatitis B in children
Hepatitis B in children is a typical infection; act as a source of infection sick people, and virus carriers. The main pathways of hepatitis B infection in children are
transplacental (intrauterine infection), intrapartum (during labor),
postnatal (postpartum).The younger the child, the short incubation period. At this stage there are no clinical hepatitis, however, the end of the
markers found in the blood of hepatitis B (HBsAg NVeAg, NVsAg anti-IgM)
and high activity of the liver enzymes.
For the prevention of hepatitis B use virus vaccines. Vaccination
scheme is as follows: after the first vaccination, 1 month make second
vaccination, and 5 months after the second - third. 1 ml of vaccine administered intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle of the arm.Current vaccines do not cause serious adverse reactions. Available soreness at the injection site, mild fever, very rare - allergic reactions. These phenomena are rapidly themselves.
Who should get vaccinated
Persons who have many sexual partners or with previously diagnosed infections, sexually transmitted
Men who have homosexual sex
Sexual partners of infected persons
People who inject drugs
Family members (households) patients with chronic hepatitis B
Get
hepatitis A with high probability we can in hot countries, including
those where the traditional places of tourism and recreation. Foremost
is African countries (including Egypt and Tunisia), Asia (Turkey,
Central Asia, India and Southeast Asia including islands), some
countries in South America and the Caribbean.
While buying fruits and vegetables at the market, do not forget to wash them properly, do not always know where they came to us.Always be heat treated seafood.
Mechanism of infection and the development of infection
The
source of infection is a patient with hepatitis A person who identifies
with the feces into the environment billions of viruses.
If
ingestion of contaminated hepatitis A virus water or food (especially
poorly thermally processed seafood) viruses penetrate into the
intestine, then soaked with the blood flow to the liver and incorporated
into its cells - hepatocytes.
Viral particles multiply-virions in the cytoplasm of liver cells.After exiting the liver cells they fall into the bile ducts and excreted in the bile into the intestine.
Early
hepatitis A symptoms can be mistaken for symptoms of other illnesses
with fever and intoxication, but in some individuals, especially
children, have no hepatitis A symptoms virus has a direct cytopathic
effect that is capable of directly damage hepatocytes. The
most common hepatitis A symptoms resemble flu symptoms: headache,
chills, fever and may cause feelings of weakness, skin rashes and joint
pain.
Hepatitis A diagnosis
In
hepatitis A diagnosis is very important to conduct a full examination of
the patient for disorders of the digestive system, fever, muscle
toxicity. In daylight carefully examined mucous membranes and sclera of
the eyes: if there is an easy yellowness, the diagnosis is not in doubt.
Also in cases of suspected hepatitis performed palpation of the
abdomen. Almost always, the doctor notes the increased size of the
liver.
Laboratory hepatitis A diagnosis
include urinalysis, stool and blood. Blood is investigated in the acute
phase of the disease when hepatitis A symptoms become more bright. The
patient should pass and biochemical analysis, the results of the
assistants detect the presence or absence of antibodies anti - HAV IgM.
It is believed that the majority of patients with hepatitis A is not needed any medication assignment. Gentle
motoring, health food, optimal admission that preclude superinfection,
especially other viral hepatitis, provide a smooth course of the disease
and complete clinical recovery. Not shown for hepatitis A and glucocorticosteroid hormones.Now
generally recognized that prescribe in viral hepatitis need with great
caution, since their utilization and excretion in the damaged liver
conditions are very difficult, can manifest their gepagotoksicheskoe
action, especially when simultaneous use of multiple drugs, excluding
Compatibility.It
should be emphasized, however, that negative attitudes towards
polypharmacy does not exclude the possibility of selective assignment of
certain medications.
Out of hospital treatment
Extract from the hospital performed as recovery. Criteria
for discharge are satisfactory overall condition, disappearance of
jaundice, liver size reduction to normal or close to normal levels,
normalization of serum bilirubin, decreased activity of hepatic cellular
enzymes to normal or close to normal values. It is important to emphasize that these criteria should be considered indicative. The
patient can be discharged with residual hepatomegaly, giperfermentemii,
dysproteinemia and even in the absence of full normalization of pigment
metabolism. Regulated by the order of the Ministry of Health calendar dates and discharge criteria must be understood only as conditional. learn more about that : http://treatment-institute.blogspot.com/2014/08/hepatitis-a-treated.html
Hepatitis A treatment in children
At an altitude of clinical manifestations can assign allohol, holenzim, drugs normanizuyuschie liver function.And during recovery, you can assign a decoction Helichrysum, kuruznyh stigmas.Always positive effect of vitamin particularly important usages vitamins (B1, B 2, B 6), and the C and PP inside.
Hepatitis
A sick child immediately isolated, and all the children interacting
with him every day visiting the skin and eyes, carefully pay attention
to the size of the liver.Among infants exposed to sick child, held immunoprophylaxis (administered antibody to hepatitis A virus).In
regions where the incidence is high, prevention campaign conducted:
antibodies to the virus is introduced in August or September.To prevent use of the vaccine - preparations containing attenuated virus.Vaccinations
begin with 12 months of age, the vaccine is administered again after 6
months after the first, the third stage for vaccination one year after
the first injection.Children usually tolerate the vaccine is easy, although there may be pain at the injection site.learn more about that : http://treatment-institute.blogspot.com/2014/08/hepatitis-a-protection.html